The initial version (v2018.0.0) of the seismic hazard model for the Philippines was developed by the jointly by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) in the OpenQuake engine format. Since the original version, several updates were made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2018.2.0), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. Among other important improvements, this model extends the minimum magnitude of events for crustal distributed seismicity and updated the GMPEs used for more recent ones.

GEM's South Africa earthquake risk model was generated using the hazard model for South Africa developed by the South Africa Council for Geoscience as the national hazard model, and for input to South Africa building design regulations. The vulnerability and exposure models and data were developed by GEM and cover the residential, commercial and industrial building stock. The risk model may be used to assess potential financial losses to commercial, industrial and residential buildings due to earthquake ground shaking. Further technical information can be found in the documentation. GEM extensively collaborated with its private and public partners to test and validate the model against industry standards in order to produce a new model that represents GEM’s view of risk. The model is available in Oasis and Touchstone formats, as well as through the NASDAQ platform.

The initial version of the model was developed by scientists from the Council for Geoscience, South Africa and the Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, India. The model is described by Midzi et al. (2019). The seismic source model was developed using a newly updated catalogue and consists of zones of distributed seismicity, while the ground motion logic tree consists of two existing ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) derived for active shallow crust. The model was originally created for the OpenQuake engine. The latest openly available version is v2018.0.2. Since the original version, several updates were made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2018.1.0), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. Among other important improvements, this model extends the minimum magnitude of events for crustal distributed seismicity and updated the GMPEs used for more recent ones.

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The South America region of the model includes the information pertaining the following countries/territories: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French_Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

The first version of the South America Model (v2016.0.0) was developed in the framework of the SARA project (SARA project v1.0, Garcia et al., 2017) funded by Swiss Re Foundation and benefits of the contribution of an important group of South American Institutions. Since the original version, several significant updates have been made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2020.1.0), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. This model covers the whole South American continent, with the exception of the Faulkland and the Galapagos Islands. Panama and the northeastern part of the Caribbean have been updated using newer information from the CCARA project, a GEM collaboration project funded by USAID.

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The South Asia region of the model includes the information pertaining the following countries/territories: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri_Lanka

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The Southeast Asia region of the model includes the information pertaining the following countries/territories: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor_Leste, Vietnam

The most updated open version of the hazard model for Continental Southeast Asia (v2018.0.2) covers Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Singapore, and West Malaysia. The model was developed by a group of scientists from Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. It was originally developed in the OpenQuake engine. Two seismic source models were independently developed by the Earth Observatory of Singapore (Chan et al., in prep) and Mahidol University (Ornthammarath et al., in prep). The two source models are weighted equally in a source model logic tree. The Ground Motion Characterisation for the two models is the same. Since the original version, several significant updates have been made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2018.1.0), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. Differences in between the models can be consulted in the documentation.

The first version of the hazard model for Sub-Saharan Africa (v2016.0.0) was developed by GEM in collaboration with AfricaArray within the USAID-supported SSAHARA project. The original model is extensively described in Poggi et al. (2017). Since the original version, an extended and improved version was developed (v2018.0.0) by introducing a procedure of earthquake-driven redistribution of activity rates (smoothed seismicity approach) on the previously defined source zones. Moreover, the current model includes now Madagascar, for which an ad-hoc seismicity analysis was carried out. The latest version (v2018.0.1) was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps, which includes an extension of the minimum magnitude of events for crustal distributed seismicity. Differences between the different versions can be consulted in the documentation.

Coverage of Taiwan is obtained with the hazard models developed within the Taiwan Earthquake Model (TEM) initiative. The model was originally implemented for the OpenQuake engine. The original version (v2015.0.0) was used for the initial release of the 2018 Global Earthquake and Hazard and Risk Maps. Since then, an updated model (v2020.0.1) was developed in collaboration between GEM and TEM, which was used in the computation of the 2023 release of the updated Global Maps. The latest version is awating an official release to the public.

The Western Africa model (v2018.0.0) was developed internally by GEM. The model encompasses the whole Atlantic side of the Africa continent. An ad-hoc homogenised earthquake catalogue was developed based on globally available information, which was used as primary base for seismic occurrence analysis and the subsequent development of the source zonation model. The analysis was particularly challenging in the region, due to the severe incompleteness of calibration data, and the virtually nonexistent neotectonic information. Since the original version, an update was made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2018.1.0), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. This model extends the minimum magnitude of events for crustal distributed seismicity and included an additional GMPE in the logic tree.