The Northeast Asia (NEA) model was developed internally by GEM. The active shallow part of the model is based on the combination of distributed sources and active faults, the latter obtained from the Global Active Fault Database of GEM. As for the case of Northern Africa, we have applied rate redistribution to better represent the spatial variability of seismicity. 

The deeper portion of the Kamchatka subduction zone was modelled as a combination of complex faults (the subduction interface) and finite ruptures (the slab zone) using the Subduction Toolkit developed by GEM. Border harmonisation of the present model with neighbouring hazard models, particularly with China and EMCA, posed a challenge in developing this model.