The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The Middle East region of the model includes the information pertaining the following countries/territories: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi_Arabia, Syria, United_Arab_Emirates, Yemen

The Middle East (MIE) is covered by the hazard model developed within the 2014 Earthquake Model of the Middle East (EMME) Project. The model covers the following countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey (Danciu et al., 2016; Danciu et al., 2017; and Sesetyan et al., 2018). The model was originally developed for the OpenQuake (OQ) engine. EMME products, data and results are available and documented through the web-platform of the European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard and Risk.

The development of the 2010 seismic hazard model for New Zealand was led by GNS Science, New Zealand (Stirling et al. 2012). It has been translated from its original format into the OpenQuake (OQ) engine by GNS Science. A corrected version of the model was made available in 2018. The corrected version was used in the GEM Global Model v.2018.1. The model covers the North, South, and Stewart Islands. The Chatham Islands to the east are excluded.

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The North America region of the model includes the information pertaining to Canada, Mexico and the United States of America. For the cases of the United States and Canada, the exposure model is built upon datasets obtained with collaboration from our partnerships with the United States Geological Service (USGS) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). Information about the original data sources can be found in the [documentation](https://docs.openquake.org/global_risk_model/north_america/exposure/data_sources.html)

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The North Asia region of the model includes the information pertaining Russia and Mongolia.

The Korea model was created by the GEM Secretariat. The model covers the entire Korean Peninsula, including North and South Korea.

The Northeast Asia (NEA) model was developed internally by GEM. The active shallow part of the model is based on the combination of distributed sources and active faults, the latter obtained from the Global Active Fault Database of GEM. As for the case of Northern Africa, we have applied rate redistribution to better represent the spatial variability of seismicity. The deeper portion of the Kamchatka subduction zone was modelled as a combination of complex faults (the subduction interface) and finite ruptures (the slab zone) using the Subduction Toolkit developed by GEM. Border harmonisation of the present model with neighbouring hazard models, particularly with China and EMCA, posed a challenge in developing this model.

The open version (v2017.1.0) of the Northern Africa model was developed by GEM and is described in Poggi et al. (2020). The model extends from Morocco to Egypt along the Mediterranean coastline. The model consists of a combination of distributed seismicity and faults sources, the former calibrated on occurrence analysis of publicly available earthquake catalogue information, and the latter derived from a thorough evaluation of information from both geological literature and direct analysis of GPS velocity fields. Since the original version, an update was made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2017.1.1), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. This model extends the minimum magnitude of events for crustal distributed seismicity and updated the source IDs.

The Northwest Asia (NWA) model was developed internally by GEM in collaboration with the Swiss Seismological Service (SED), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Switzerland. The model is based on a distributed seismicity approach. We have applied rate redistribution to better represent the spatial variability of seismicity

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The Oceania region of the model includes the information pertaining to the following countries/territories: American_Samoa, Australia, Cook_Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall_Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New_Caledonia, New_Zealand, Niue, Northern_Mariana_Islands, Palau, Papua_New_Guinea, Samoa, Solomon_Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu For the cases of Australia and New Zealand, the exposure model is built upon datasets obtained with collaboration from our partnerships with Geoscience Australia and GNS Science New Zealand. Information about the original data sources can be found in the [documentation](https://docs.openquake.org/global_risk_model/oceania/exposure/data_sources.html)

The GEM Foundation aims to combine the main features of state-of-the-art science, global collaboration and buy-in, transparency and openness in an initiative to calculate and communicate earthquake risk worldwide. One of the first steps towards this objective has been the open-source development and release of software for seismic hazard and risk assessment called the OpenQuake engine. This software comprises a set of calculators capable of computing human or economic losses for a collection of assets, caused by a given scenario event, or by considering the probability of all possible events that might happen within a region within a certain time span. Since its initial release in 2013, the OpenQuake engine remains as one of the most important products released by the GEM Foundation, and it has become the benchmark software for seismic hazard and risk calculations worldwide.