The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. The datasets employed to develop this model were provided by national institutions, or developed within the scope of regional programs or bilateral collaborations. The global maps and the underlying databases are based on best available and publicly accessible datasets and models. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The underlying datasets used to create the maps are available for all regions of the world, aggregated at Administrative Level 1 under a CC BY-NC-SA license, or further disaggregated under specific licenses. The open and downloadable Global Exposure Map (v2023.1) in PNG format, presents the geographic distribution of residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The number of buildings and total replacement cost is presented on a hexagonal grid, with a spacing of 0.30 x 0.36 decimal degrees (approximately 1,000 km2 at the equator). The Global Exposure Map (shapefiles) consists of four layers that depict for each hexagon the number of buildings, the built-up area, the total replacement value and the total population.

The Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Global Seismic Hazard Map (version 2023.1) depicts the geographic distribution of the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) with a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years, computed for reference rock conditions (shear wave velocity, Vs30 , of 760-800 m/s). The map was created by collating maps computed using national and regional probabilistic seismic hazard models developed by various institutions and projects, in collaboration with GEM Foundation scientists. This version represents an update from the previous release from 2018 and features improvements in most regions of the world, as well as a higher spatial definition (approx. 2.5X) compared to the previous version. For the first time, it is now openly available in raster format as a direct download under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. An interactive online viewer (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) is available, as well as a PDF poster and a high resolution PNG (CC BY-SA 4.0) through the links in this page. A set of comprehensive maps is also available that features up to 20 layers with global coverage, considering PGA and spectral acceleration (SA) for four periods of vibration (0.2s, 0.3s, 0.6s and 1.0s), calculated for reference rock and spatially variable soil conditions, for 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. By clicking the "License Request" button, the full set or individual layers can be requested freely for research and public-good applications, or for a licensing fee in the case of commercial applications.

The Global Seismic Risk Map (v2023.1) poster comprises three global maps, and a ranking of the top 15 countries according to five risk metrics. The main map presents the geographic distribution of average annual loss (AAL) of built-up area due to ground shaking in the residential, commercial and industrial building stock. It does not consider the effects of tsunamis, liquefaction, landslides, and fires following earthquakes. These results are an update of the global maps released in 2018, as described in Silva et al. (2020) and are based on best available and publicly accessible datasets and models, which have been collected, curated and maintained in collaboration between local experts and GEM Foundation scientists. The underlying dataset used to create the main map can be requested as a shapefile for use in research and public-good applications without cost, or for a licensing fee in the case of commercial applications. In addition to the AAL of built-up area depicted in the poster, the underlying dataset also includes estimates of average annual economic losses, number of buildings lost, population left homeless and fatalities.

The Global Vulnerability Model (v2023.1) consists of a set of functions that estimate the consequences of earthquakes of a given intensity to different building typologies. This model includes curves to assess economic losses, divided in structural, non-structural and content losses, as well as estimates of fatalities. The database is separated by region-country/territory and considers functions for over 3500 building typologies identified in the Global Exposure Model developed, curated and maintained by the GEM Foundation. The fragility functions are derived analytically, using non-linear time-history analyses on equivalent single-degree-of-freedom oscillators and a large set of ground motion records representing several tectonic environments. The entire database is available for direct download under a CC BY-NC-SA license for risk modelers, analysts and researchers to perform seismic risk assessment on their portfolios.

The Global Hazard Mosaic coverage of Hawaii is based on the 1998 United States Geological Survey (USGS) model of Klein et al., (2001). The GEM implementation relies on the best judgement of the Secretariat in converting the documented model into the OpenQuake engine format from the NSHMP input files provided by the USGS.

Coverage of the Indian subcontinent is with the hazard model developed by Nath and Thingbaijam (2012). This model covers India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. The model has been updated and translated from its original format into the OpenQuake engine in collaboration with Natural Resources Canada.

The initial version (v2017.0.0) of the seismic hazard model for Indonesia was developed by the Team for Updating Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia of the National Center for Earthquake Studies, Indonesia. (Irsyam et al., 2017). The model builds on the experience collected throughout the last 15 years and on international collaborations notably with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Geoscience Australia. The model was originally produced partly using the NSHMP software of the USGS and partly in the OpenQuake (OQ) engine. To achieve an entirely OQ implementation, part of the model has been translated from its original format into OQ. Since the original version, an update was made to the model by the GEM hazard team, leading to the latest release (v2017.1.0), which was used in the computation of the 2023 Global Earthquake Hazard and Risk Maps. This model extends the minimum magnitude of events for crustal distributed seismicity and updated the GMPEs used for more recent ones.

The Global Hazard Mosaic coverage of Japan is based on the 2014 seismic hazard model issued by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (HERP). The model is described by Fujiwara et al. (2009), Fujiwara et al. (2015), and Fujiwara et al. (2023). The model has been translated from its original format into the OpenQuake (OQ) engine within a collaboration between the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) of Japan, and GEM.

The covering of Mexico (MEX) was developed by the GEM hazard team and within a project funded by Suramericana (Sura). The model was originally implemented in the OpenQuake engine.

The Global Exposure Model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. The dataset is developed and maintained by the GEM Foundation, using a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to natural disasters with a high concentration of population and building stock. The Middle East region of the model includes the information pertaining the following countries/territories: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi_Arabia, Syria, United_Arab_Emirates, Yemen

The Middle East (MIE) is covered by the hazard model developed within the 2014 Earthquake Model of the Middle East (EMME) Project. The model covers the following countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey (Danciu et al., 2016; Danciu et al., 2017; and Sesetyan et al., 2018). The model was originally developed for the OpenQuake (OQ) engine. EMME products, data and results are available and documented through the web-platform of the European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard and Risk.