News GEM: helping reduce earthquake infrastructure damage through science #BuildToLast By: Oct 7, 2019 Share Facebook LinkedIn Earthquakes are the number one cause of fatalities due to natural hazards from 1998-2017 -- with the majority caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2010 Haiti earthquakes -- and the number two cause in terms of economic losses, second only to storms. (CRED-UNISDR 2018) During that period, earthquakes caused more than half (56%) of the 1.3 million fatalities and cost USD 661 billion or 23% of the USD 2.9 trillion reported economic losses. (CRED-UNISDR 2018) Majority of the fatalities and injuries from earthquakes are due to building collapse attributed to poorly constructed buildings, lack of adherence to land-use zoning and building codes. The limited knowledge and understanding of citizens regarding the risks and mitigation measures around disasters could have also contributed to less demand for accountability. (Why Do People Die in Earthquakes? - Kenny, 2009) We cannot build a sustainable future with these monumental numbers. But as daunting as they might seem, they are not insurmountable and solutions are available. What can we do to address this? This year’s International Day for DRR theme is ‘Build to Last’, which is Target D of the Sendai Framework: to reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services. GEM believes that by better understanding earthquake risk, and developing the capacity of disaster risk reduction stakeholders, we can significantly reduce fatalities, injuries and economic losses from disaster damage through open risk data sharing; the use and promotion of transparent risk assessment tools; adherence to scientific methodologies; inclusiveness and participation; and putting the interest of the public to the fore. John Schneider, GEM Secretary General explains, “Earthquakes might be few and far in between, but when they strike the consequences are of epic proportions.” He adds that since 2009, GEM has been at the forefront of developing open analysis tools, global databases, models at various scales, and capacities of DRR scholars and practitioners to combat the damaging effects of earthquakes to human lives, infrastructure and economy. The importance of understanding seismic hazard The first global seismic hazard model was created within the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) at the end of the 1990's (Giardini et al., 1999). It represented a substantial improvement in our understanding of earthquake hazard globally and offered essential information for the design of buildings and land-use planning to many countries. (GAR, 2019) Almost twenty years later, GEM in collaboration with several organisations and projects released a new compilation of probabilistic seismic hazard models called the GEM earthquake hazard mosaic of earthquake hazard models created either at national or regional (i.e. continental) scale. (GAR, 2019) Marco Pagani, GEM Hazard Team Coordinator explains how GEM’s Global Earthquake Hazard model can be used to help improve resilience to earthquakes. “Many of the models contained in this collection are already used at national level to update building codes and compute risk at national level. Overall, this compilation of models provides a summary of the best science currently applied to the assessment of seismic hazard across the world at national and regional levels.” The importance of understanding seismic risk The calculation of earthquake risk requires a robust earthquake hazard model that defines where, how often and how severely earthquakes will strike in the future; an exposure model (building stock); and vulnerability and fragility functions (likelihood of damage to buildings). Vitor Silva, GEM Risk Team Coordinator says, "GEM’s Global Earthquake Risk model can be used to support decision-makers in the identification of regions that are prone to higher and more frequent earthquake-induced hazards and losses, to distinguish construction types that have high vulnerability, and to devise strategies for effective risk mitigation." To further complicate the problem, in terms of risk reduction, earthquakes pose a particular set of problems for countries in seismically active areas. ‘Return periods’ are long and unpredictable, so low mortality in the recent past is not an indicator of future earthquake risk. (Economic Losses, Poverty and Disasters 1998-2017 - CRED-UNISDR, 2018) A sustainable future This is the reason why risk-informed development planning in earthquake-prone areas cannot be overemphasized. The unpredictability of earthquakes combined with their damaging and deadly effects hinder sustainable development, creation of jobs and availability of funds for poverty reduction initiatives. Understanding risk is a prerequisite for a sustainable future. Mami Mizutori, UN Special Representative of the Secretary General for Disaster Risk Reduction says, “If it’s not risk informed, it’s not sustainable; and if it’s not sustainable it has a human cost.” To help achieve this year’s DRR Day theme, GEM has compiled in the Related Content sidebar several links to GEM’s products useful for developing disaster risk reduction management strategies. No images found. GALLERY 1/8 #BuildToLast quote cards from UNDRR VIDEO RELATED CONTENTS #BuildToLast useful resources (links) For the general public Global Maps (Hazard, Risk and Exposure) Africa Maps (Hazard, Risk and Exposure) Country Risk Profiles For scientists, researchers and modelers OpenQuake (entire suite) - engine, platform, toolkits, user guides Africa Model (datasets) Glossary for GEM Taxonomy website Building Classification Survey website Publications GAR Global Earthquake Model paper/article Guidelines for Analytical Vulnerability Assessment Low/Mid Rise Guidelines for component-based analytical vulnerability assessment of buildings and non-structural elements Guidelines for empirical vulnerability assessment Introduction to GEM earthquake consequences database OpenQuake Platform (vulnerability, fragility, exposure databases)

Publications Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment for Costa Rica Share Facebook LinkedIn Download 2018 | Peer-reviewed This study presents a seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of the residential building stock in Costa Rica. It proposes a new exposure model using housing census data, public construction statistics, and private construction information to quantify and characterize the residential building portfolio. A complete vulnerability catalogue is established by developing fragility functions for the most common building classes and combining them with existing models derived for risk assessment in South America. An existing probabilistic seismic hazard model was implemented within the OpenQuake-engine, and complemented with a simplified site model to account for site effects. Earthquake risk assessment is achieved by means of a probabilistic event-based analysis, which allowed the estimation of several risk metrics. These include average annualized losses at a national scale, disaggregated per building class and administrative regions. The probable maximum losses and exceedance probability curves were generated using a stochastic event set with 100,000 years of events per logic tree branch.

News GEM Launches Enhanced Building Taxonomy Tools By: Jul 7, 2025 Jun 26, 2025 Share Facebook LinkedIn On 26 June, GEM unveiled its revamped Building Taxonomy tools, providing open-access scripts to support the classification of global building stocks as part of seismic risk analysis. The launch was presented during the Board meeting by Catalina Yepes, GEM’s Exposure Development Lead, and Matteo Nastasi, Senior Software Developer. The GEM Building Taxonomy establishes a consistent framework for describing buildings worldwide using 13 key attributes – such as structural system, construction material, building height, roof type and foundation. Originally published in 2013, Version 2.0 introduced these core attributes to ensure relevance, simplicity and extensibility. The latest Version 3.3, now available on the GitHub-hosted site, retains this foundational structure while incorporating improved data table and links to tools such as the taxonomy validator and explanator, available both via a User Interface and a Python package. The Building Taxonomy supports GEM’s mission to make risk modelling open, interoperable, and globally adoptable. It serves a wide audience – from engineers and planners to insurers and researchers – by providing a reliable framework to catalogue buildings consistently for exposure and vulnerability assessment. GEM encourages users to explore the tools, contribute images or examples to the glossary (which will soon be updated to Version 3.3), and join efforts to expand the taxonomy, ensuring the tool remains adaptable to emerging building types, hazards, and research needs. Visit the new features at: https://tools.openquake.org/taxonomy/ No images found. GALLERY building taxonomy 3.3.png CY MN taxonomy presentation.jpg IMG_0259.HEIC building taxonomy 3.3.png 1/5 VIDEO RELATED CONTENTS

Privacy Policy All of GEM’s products are freely available for public good, non-commercial use, but they may have different license restrictions. Open and free distribution of data, models, and tools remains at the core of GEM’s work, further enhancing their availability and accessibility. Share Facebook LinkedIn Our Privacy Policy was posted on 11th JULY 2018 and last updated on 18th JULY 2018 and is produced in accordance with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2016/679 and Italian law on personal data protection. The data processor and legal responsible is: GEM Foundation -- Via Ferrata 1 -- 27100 Pavia, Italy (Tax Code: 96059180180). At the GEM Foundation, we know that you care about how your personal information is used and shared, and we take your privacy seriously. Please read the following to learn more about our privacy policy. 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News Call for abstracts for 2024 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE2024) By: Apr 17, 2023 Share Facebook LinkedIn The next World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE2024) will be held in Milan, Italy from 30 June to 5 July 2024 ( https://www.wcee2024.it/ ). This conference will bring together more than 3000 participants from academic/research, industry and public sectors. The Conference Organizers have accepted a number of proposals submitted by the GEM Secretariat and GEM partners for technical sessions within the theme of Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment ( https://www.wcee2024.it/contributions/ ). SHR-2: Advances in seismic hazard analysis Convenors: M. Pagani, M.D. Petersen, M.C. Gerstenberger SHR-3: Managing earthquake risk through multi-lateral partnerships Convenors: J.F. Schneider, G. Trendafiloski SHR-5: Forward-looking earthquake risk modelling and quantification: recent advances and perspectives Convenors: C. Galasso, G. Cremen, V. Silva SHR-6: Macroseismology: current studies and future directions Convenors: D. Wald, J. Schwarz, V. Silva SHR-9: National seismic risk modelling efforts: challenges, achievements and future goals Convenors: V. Silva, H. Crowley, A.B. Acevedo SHR-16: New data and cutting-edge technologies for seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation Convenors: L. Danciu, H. Crowley, O.-J. Ktenidou We encourage you to submit abstracts for these sessions. The deadline for abstracts is 15 May 2023. Check this page regularly for more information and updates in the future. No images found. GALLERY 1/0 VIDEO RELATED CONTENTS

Papers, articles and reports are released as part of GEM's advancing science & knowledge-sharing initiatives. Selected reports and other materials produced by the international consortia on global projects, working groups and regional collaborations can also be found below. PUBLICATIONS Papers, articles and reports are released as part of GEM's advancing science & knowledge-sharing initiatives. Selected reports and other materials produced by the international consortia on global projects, working groups and regional collaborations can also be found below. Share Facebook LinkedIn Featured Publications Development of a global seismic risk model GEM Strategic Plan and Roadmap to 2030 Improving Post-Disaster Damage Data Collection to Inform Decision-Making Final Report Anchor 1 Publications List 0 Sort by Title: A-Z Z-A List Gallery Download ATLAS 2.0: Ground-shaking intensities at multiple return periods all over the world Type: Brochure Year: 2024 ATLAS 2.0 is GEM’s new hazard data service that allows users to access and interact with the outputs from the GEM Global Mosaic, used to generate the Global Seismic Hazard Maps. Available for public-good and commercial applications, users can now access full sets of hazard curves that describe the intensity of ground-shaking for different soil conditions, at multiple return periods, all over the world. Details Download Quantify Your Earthquake Risk: Expert Solutions from the GEM Foundation Type: Brochure Year: 2024 A quick glance of GEM's commercially available scientifically robust risk information and flagship products. The brochure also highlights GEM's collaborative projects globally for public good. Details Download Building a World Resilient to Earthquakes and other Natural Hazards Type: Brochure Year: 2024 An overview of the GEM Foundation's history, collaborative and transparent approach, pioneering scientific tools such as the OpenQuake Engine and the benefits of supporting GEM. Details Download Global building exposure model for earthquake risk assessment Type: Peer-reviewed Year: 2023 The global building exposure model is a mosaic of local and regional models with information regarding the residential, commercial, and industrial building stock at the smallest available administrative division of each country and includes details about the number of buildings, number of occupants, vulnerability characteristics, average built-up area, and average replacement cost. We aimed for a bottom-up approach at the global scale, using national statistics, socio-economic data, and local datasets. This model allows the identification of the most common types of construction worldwide, regions with large fractions of informal construction, and areas prone to earthquakes with a high concentration of population and building stock. The mosaic of exposure models presented herein can be used for the assessment of probabilistic seismic risk and earthquake scenarios. Information at the global, regional, and national levels is available through a public repository (https://github.com/gem/global_exposure_model), which will be used to maintain, update and improve the models. Details Download Development of a global seismic risk model Type: Peer-reviewed Year: 2020 The Development of a Global Seismic Risk Model was a mammoth undertaking that involved hundreds of people and for the first time presented a detailed view of seismic risk at the global scale. For some developing countries, this was the first time that a seismic risk map was produced, and the associated country profiles are being used by the local authorities. Details Download GEM Strategic Plan and Roadmap to 2030 Type: Brochure Year: 2022 GEM was founded in 2009 with the purpose of improving the global knowledge of earthquake risk and contributing to the reduction of risk worldwide. In 13 years, GEM has become widely known for its global effort to improve the state of practice of earthquake hazard and risk assessment and for its contribution to improving the state of knowledge of earthquake risk. Details Download Exploring benefit cost analysis to support earthquake risk mitigation in Central America Type: Peer-reviewed Year: 2022 We performed benefit-cost analysis to identify optimum retrofitting interventions for the two most vulnerable building typologies in Central America, unreinforced masonry and adobe, considering the direct costs due to building damage and the indirect costs associated with the injured and fatalities. We reviewed worldwide retrofitting techniques, selected those that could be applied in the region for these building types, and derived vulnerability functions considering the impact of each retrofitting intervention in the strength, stiffness, and ductility of the structures. Probabilistic seismic risk analyses were performed considering the original configuration of each building class, as well as the retrofitted version. We calculated average annual losses to estimate the annual savings due to the different structural interventions, and benefit cost ratios were estimated based on the associated cost of each retrofitting technique. Based on the benefit-cost analyses, for a 50-year time horizon and a 4% discount rate, retrofitting these building classes could be economically viable along the western coast of Central America. Details Download The adolescent years of seismic risk assessment Type: Peer-reviewed Year: 2022 Vitor Silva reflects on the current position of seismic risk assessment compared to its hazard counterpart, and posits that this discipline is expected to become common practice in disaster risk management, providing decision makers with valuable information not just about the current threat, but also how the impact of future disasters is expected to evolve. The growth of seismic risk assessment into its adult years will allow a more efficient design and implementation of risk mitigation measures. ultimately contributing to its main and only goal: the reduction of the human and economic losses caused by earthquakes. Details Download Exposure forecasting for seismic risk estimation: Application to Costa Rica Type: Peer-reviewed Year: 2021 This study proposes a framework to forecast the spatial distribution of population and residential buildings for the assessment of future disaster risk. The approach accounts for the number, location, and characteristics of future assets considering sources of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty in several time-dependent variables. The value of the methodology is demonstrated at the urban scale using an earthquake scenario for the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Hundreds of trajectories representing future urban growth were generated using geographically weighted regression and multiple-agent systems. These were converted into exposure models featuring the spatial correlation of urban expansion and the densification of the built environment. The forecasted earthquake losses indicate a mean increase in the absolute human and economic losses by 2030. However, the trajectory of relative risk is reducing, suggesting that the long-term enforcement of seismic regulations and urban planning are effectively lowering seismic risk in the case of Costa Rica. Details Download Investment in Disaster Risk Management in Europe Makes Economic Sense Type: Report Year: 2021 The physical, financial, and social impacts of disasters in Europe are growing and will continue to grow unless urgent actions are taken. In the European Union (EU), during the period from 1980 to 2020, natural disasters affected nearly 50 million people and caused on average an economic loss of roughly €12 billion per year (EEA, 2020). The impacts of flood, wildfire, and extreme heat are increasing rapidly, and climate damages could reach €170 billion per year according to conservative estimates for a 3 scenario unless urgent action is taken now (Szewczyk, et al., 2020). Earthquakes, while rare, have a devastating impact on the ageing buildings and infrastructure of Europe that were constructed prior to modern codes; in Bucharest, for example, nearly 90% of the population lives in multifamily buildings with pre-modern building codes3 (Simpson & Markhvida, 2020). Within the EU, the top-five countries with the highest annual average loss to earthquake are Cyprus, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Croatia, and for floods the top-five countries are Romania, Slovenia, Latvia, Bulgaria, and Austria.4 However, disasters do not affect everyone equally: poor, elderly, very young, and marginalized populations are most affected and least able to recover. In Romania, Greece, Croatia, and Bulgaria, for example, the socio-economic resilience of the poor is on average less than 30% of the national average (World Bank, 2020). Moreover, the local and regional administrations in the poorer and more disadvantaged areas have the least capacity to design and implement resilience investments. Details Title Year Type Topic Journal ATLAS 2.0: Ground-shaking intensities at multiple return periods all over the world 2024 Brochure Hazard Quantify Your Earthquake Risk: Expert Solutions from the GEM Foundation 2024 Brochure Products Building a World Resilient to Earthquakes and other Natural Hazards 2024 Brochure GEM Global building exposure model for earthquake risk assessment 2023 Peer-reviewed Exposure Earthquake Spectra Development of a global seismic risk model 2020 Peer-reviewed Risk Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering GEM Strategic Plan and Roadmap to 2030 2022 Brochure GEM Exploring benefit cost analysis to support earthquake risk mitigation in Central America 2022 Peer-reviewed Risk International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction The adolescent years of seismic risk assessment 2022 Peer-reviewed Risk Natural Hazards Exposure forecasting for seismic risk estimation: Application to Costa Rica 2021 Peer-reviewed Exposure Earthquake Spectra Investment in Disaster Risk Management in Europe Makes Economic Sense 2021 Report Risk Filter by publication type: Book chapter Brochure Peer-reviewed Report User manual Reset 1 2 3 4 5 1 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 10

Publications Development of a global seismic risk model Share Facebook LinkedIn Download 2020 | Peer-reviewed The Development of a Global Seismic Risk Model was a mammoth undertaking that involved hundreds of people and for the first time presented a detailed view of seismic risk at the global scale. For some developing countries, this was the first time that a seismic risk map was produced, and the associated country profiles are being used by the local authorities.

Publications The GED4GEM Project: Development of a Global Exposure Database for the Global Earthquake Model Initiative Share Facebook LinkedIn Download 2012 | Peer-reviewed In order to quantify earthquake risk of any selected region or a country of the world within the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) framework (www.globalquakemodel.org/), a systematic compilation of building inventory and population exposure is indispensable. Through the consortium of leading institutions and by engaging the domain-experts from multiple countries, the GED4GEM project has been working towards the development of a first comprehensive publicly available Global Exposure Database (GED). This geospatial exposure database will eventually facilitate global earthquake risk and loss estimation through GEM’s OpenQuake platform. This paper provides an overview of the GED concepts, aims, datasets, and inference methodology, as well as the current implementation scheme, status and way forward.

OpenQuake engine input model to perform hazard calculations for the Korean Peninsula Products North and South Korea Hazard OpenQuake engine input model to perform hazard calculations for the Korean Peninsula Share Facebook LinkedIn Description The North and South Korea model was created by the GEM hazard team. The model covers the entire Korean Peninsula. How to cite this work Chartier, T., Pagani, M. (2023). PSHA input model documentation for Korean Peninsula (KOR-2020.2.0). GEM Foundation. Available Versions The open version (v2020.2.0) is available for direct download under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Users interested in this version can click the "Open Version Download" button in the right panel to access the information. If your use case does not comply with the license terms, a license can be requested by clicking on the "License Request", where a specific agreement will be provided, depending on the use case. License information The open version is available under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license, which requires: Attribution (you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made) Non-commercial (you may not use the material for commercial purposes) ShareAlike (derivatives created must be made available under the same license as the original) Any deviation from these terms incur in license infringement. For commercial use of the model, a specific license agreement must be made tailored to your use case, in such instance please click on "License Request". Facebook LinkedIn Share Latest Version v2020.2 License CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Available resources Open Version Download Documentation License Request text Map View Search Popup title Close Country/Region Available Resources Afghanistan Exposure Africa Exposure Alaska Exposure Country/Region Available Resources Afghanistan Vulnerability Africa Vulnerability Alaska Vulnerability Country/Region Resource Url Afghanistan Risk Profile Africa Risk Profile Alaska Risk Profile Search Found Country/Region Resource Url Afghanistan Exposure Africa Exposure Alaska Exposure Preview Preview is not available. Search Found Country/Region Resource Url Afghanistan Vulnerability Africa Vulnerability Alaska Vulnerability Preview Preview is not available. Search Found Country/Region Resource Url Afghanistan Risk Profile Africa Risk Profile Alaska Risk Profile Preview Preview is not available. Related products Global Liquefaction Hazard Global Exposure Model Global Vulnerability Model Global Seismic Embodied Carbon Risk Global Seismic Risk Map Country-Territory Seismic Risk Profiles Model Builder's Toolkit (oq-mbtk) Global Seismic Hazard Map Related publications For downloading or accessing detailed product information like PNG/PDF maps, datasets, license request, shapefiles and more, please switch to a desktop or laptop computer. Thank you for your understanding.

Publications Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2023 Share Facebook LinkedIn Download 2023 | Report The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)'s Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2023 offers a unique perspective on development progress by emphasizing risk and resilience in a changing climate. The report features maps developed in collaboration with the GEM Foundation (Catarina Costa, Vitor Silva, and John Schneider) and other agencies (United Nations Geospatial Information Section, Environmental Systems Research Institute - ESRI), displaying country-level #SDG indicators and risk drivers, and showcasing resilience deficits. These maps also present future projections of these deficits under different climate scenarios, incorporating #ipcc greenhouse-gas-emission-rate scenarios and representative concentration pathways. The report serves as a comprehensive inter-agency effort to assess and address resilience gaps, aiding in informed decision-making for #sustainabledevelopment.